Hypochlorite Solution Expiration and Stability in Household Water Treatment in Developing Countries

Household water treatment with dilute hypochlorite solution has been shown to improve microbiological water quality and reduce diarrheal disease in developing countries. One concern raised by governmental agencies, implementers, and nongovernmental organizations is whether the hypochlorite solution remains stable during distribution and after the bottle is opened and usage begins. In this study, laboratory and field research was conducted to determine the expiration date and stability in the home of hypochlorite solution. Expiration-date testing found that pH-stabilized ～ 1.25% hypochlorite solution made using various production techniques in Ethiopia, Guinea, and Nigeria was stable for a minimum of 12 months in temperatures less than 35°C. Stability testing during laboratory simulated normal usage showed no degradation, and 77–91% of bottles collected from households tested met standards. Hypochlorite solution concentration drops rapidly when pH is not stabilized, when pH levels fall, and when solution is exposed to direct sunlight.     

Worldwide Residential Soil Regulatory Guidance Values for Chlorinated Ethanes

Surface soil contamination is often regulated using guidance values that specify the maximum amount of pollutant that can be present without prompting a regulatory response. In the United States, there are at least 89 value sets (and worldwide there are another 29) that provide guidance for at least one of the nine chlorinated ethanes. The most commonly regulated chlorinated ethane is 1,2-dichloroethane (108 values), and it is the third most commonly regulated synthetic organic surface soil contaminant. Pentachloroethane (17 values) is the least regulated chlorinated ethane. Overall, there are at least 690 guidance values for chlorinated ethanes. This analysis explores the origin, magnitude, and form of the variability of these values. Results indicate that the values span from 3.7 to 7.6 orders of magnitude and are distributed in patterns similar to log-normal random variables. Less than 20% of these values are similar to those of national regulatory agencies such as the U.S. EPA or the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, but more than 60% of the values fall within the 95% confidence interval bounds of the uncertainty in U.S. EPA risk model calculations.     

公共租赁房建设的“重庆模式”

文章介绍了在近年来各地保障性住房建设如火如荼的大背景下,公共租赁房＂重庆模式＂的特点与已有的建设成绩,重点分析了重庆公租房在项目规模、用地选址和建筑设计方面存在的问题和挑战,提出相应的解决策略。     

风景区居民系统管理控制模式研究——以湖南崀山风景区民居改造为例

风景区居民系统与风景名胜的协调发展问题是目前困扰风景区发展的重要因素之一.由于缺乏引导风景区民居建设与改造的有效机制,风景区的整体风貌、资源保护和合理利用均存在较大问题,影响了风景区的可持续发展.湖南崀山风景区民居改造以“整体和谐、经济合理、地方材料”为指导思想,力求创建和谐共存的风景区居民系统的管理控制模式,为风景区...     

新都市主义浪潮下的高层住宅发展策略

在全球化的后发达经济城市中,大量单一模数化的高层住宅将逐渐被拥有新大都市特色的住宅模式所替代。新都市主义强调个体消费对城市的回归,发展和城市相互支持并紧密相连的个性化高层居住模式。这种集城市功能于一体的都市住宅综合体在满足人们对城市资源的高度利用的同时考虑了居住空间与公共空间关系的新前景,个体性与市民性的实现,功能主义与城市可持续性的整合,而这些理念也是目前中国大规模城市化进程中所需要学习的。     

加快构建龙岩中心城市“一小时城镇圈”研究

随着经济社会发展,地处闽粤赣边的龙岩中心城市面临着新的机遇和挑战,并随着基础设施的完善,构建分工协作、紧密联系的＂一小时城镇圈＂具有现实的可能性,又有客观的必要性。本文从龙岩独特的区位出发,探求龙岩中心城市实现＂一小时城镇圈＂的方法途径,对于促进龙岩城市可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

住宅中储藏空间的营造

当前我国住宅设计中储藏空间设计相对不足,该文通过分析储藏空间的营造方式,探讨增加储藏空间的解决方法,以期望住宅设计在节约面积的同时,优化室内环境.     

福建省居住建筑几种生态位实态调查研究

以福建省福州、厦门、南平三地近年新建的多个楼盘为调查对象,对居住建筑的类型比例、单元组合、户型面积、空间构成、房间大小和朝向、以及开窗方位进行实态调查。通过统计分析,得出了这些生态因子的幅度范围和适生态位。调查结果表明：在竖向高度分类中,11~18层的高层建筑占的比例最大为30.56%;在平面形状分类中,2单元拼接板式...     

以人为本、构建和谐——上海住宅空间资源规划利用策略思考

对全市住宅空间资源的统筹安排和合理利用事关上海实现构建宜居城市和促进社会公平目标。探讨上海住宅建设的总体发展趋势和特点,分析全市住宅空间资源规模及分布,提出在确立合理供应结构和城市承载力限制前提下的住宅空间资源规划利用的原则和策略。